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Mickey Mouse Sunday Page by Walt Disney from 5/15/1938 Tabloid Page Size
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Comicstrips (169)
Condition:Paper: some light tanning,otherwise: Excellent! Pulled from Loose Sections! (Please Check Scans) A few are trimmed as shown, a few have small archival repairs on the backside. This is a _MICKEY MOUSE _SUN ... Read More
Condition:Paper: some light tanning,otherwise: Excellent! Pulled from Loose Sections! (Please Check Scans) A few are trimmed as shown, a few have small archival repairs on the backside.
This is a _MICKEY MOUSE _SUNDAY PAGE BY WALT DISNEY. GREAT EARLY DISNEY ARTWORK! This was cut from the original newspaper Sunday Comics section of 1938. SIZE: TABLOID FULL SIZE: ~11 X 15 INCHES. PAPER: SOME LIGHT TANNING, A FEW HAVE SMALL ARCHIVAL REPAIRS ON THE BACKSIDE, OTHERWISE: EXCELLENT! PULLED FROM LOOSE SECTIONS! (PLEASE CHECK SCANS) Please include $5.00 TOTAL postage on any size order (USA) $20.00 International FLAT RATE. TO RECEIVE COMBINED POSTAGE AUTOMATICALLY, PLEASE DO NOT PAY ONE AT A TIME, PAY WHEN YOU FINISH SHOPPING OR ASK FOR COMBINED INVOICE BEFORE PAYING, I combine postage on multiple pages. Check out my other auctions for more great vintage Comic Strips and Paper Dolls. THANKS FOR LOOKING!
*please note that while i mail packages out promptly, delays sometimes occur, these are due to the usps.
I always upload tracking # and have proof of mailing. If usps loses your package, i will send a full refund.
Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse
_
First Appearance
Steamboat Willie_[1]
November 18, 1928
Created by
Walt Disney
Ub Iwerks
Voiced by
Walt Disney (1928–1947; 1955–1959)
Carl W. Stalling (1929)
Clarence Nash (1934)
Jimmy MacDonald (1948–1977)
Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[2]
Les Perkins (1986–1987)
Bret Iwan (2009–present)
Chris Diamantopoulos (2013–present)
(see voice actors)
Developed by
Floyd Gottfredson
Les Clark
Fred Moore
Information
Aliases
* Bob Cratchit
* King Mickey
* Mickey (_Wizards of Mickey_)
Species
Mouse
Gender
Male
Occupation
Detective (_MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine_)
Family
Mickey Mouse family
Significantother(s)
Minnie Mouse
Pet Dog
Pluto
MICKEY MOUSE is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.
Mickey first was seen in a single test screening (_Plane Crazy_). Mickey officially debuted in the short film _Steamboat Willie_ (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including _The Band Concert_ (1935), _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938), and _Fantasia_ (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, _Lend a Paw_, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic strip character. His self-titled newspaper strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books and in television series such as _The Mickey Mouse Club_ (1955–1996) and others. He also appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks.
Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman, usually seen as a flawed, but adventurous hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality, beginning with the video game _Epic Mickey_.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1Origin
* 2Design
* 3Animation history
* 3.1Debut (1928)
* 3.2Black and white films (1929–1935)
* 3.3Color films (1935–1953)
* 3.4Television and later films
* 4Voice actors
* 5Mickey in comics
* 6Merchandising
* 7Mickey at the Disney parks
* 8Mickey in video games
* 9Awards and honors
* 10Social impact
* 10.1Use in politics
* 10.2Pejorative use of Mickey's name
* 10.3Parodies and criticism
* 11Legal issues
* 11.1_Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates_
* 11.2Censorship
* 12Filmography
* 12.1Selected short films
* 12.2Full-length films
* 12.3Television series
* 13See also
* 14References
* 15External links
Origin
Concept art of Mickey from early 1928; the sketches are the earliest known drawings of the character, from the collection of The Walt Disney Family Museum.
> "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse."
> — Walt Disney, _Disneyland_; October 27, 1954
Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios.[4] In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company.
In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected. It would later show up in Iwerks' own _Flip the Frog_ series.[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.[5] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers, as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal.[10][11]
Design
Throughout the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.[12][13][14] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences. Mickey's circular design is most noticeable in his ears, which in traditional animation, always appear circular no matter which way Mickey faces. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. Even today, the rudimentary symbol is often used to represent Mickey (see Hidden Mickey). This later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective.
In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on."
Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining "Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions." In the film _The Opry House_ (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, and Mario.
Mickey's eyes, as drawn in _Plane Crazy_ and _The Gallopin' Gaucho_, were large and white with black outlines. In _Steamboat Willie,_ the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of _The Pointer_.[15] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in _The Simple Things_ (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances.
Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (_The Band Concert_, _The Mickey Mouse Club_), red overalls (_Clock Cleaners_, _Boat Builders_), a red cloak (_Fantasia_, _Fun and Fancy Free_), a red coat (_Squatter's Rights_, _Mickey's Christmas Carol_), or a red shirt (_Mickey Down Under_, _The Simple Things_).
Animation History
See Also: Mickey Mouse film series
DEBUT (1928)
_
Mickey's first appearance inSteamboat Willie_ (1928).
Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the mainanimator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.[16]
Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short _Plane Crazy_, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, _The Gallopin' Gaucho_, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.[17]
_Steamboat Willie_ was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's _Steamboat Bill Jr._, first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. _Willie_ featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.[18][19]
The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForestsystem in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For _Willie_, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for _The Mickey Mouse Club_ television series on ABC.
Audiences at the time of _Steamboat Willie'_s release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, _The Jazz Singer_ starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both _Plane Crazy_ and _The Gallopin' Gaucho_ (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, _The Barn Dance_, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until _The Karnival Kid_ in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After _Steamboat Willie_ was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[20] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[21]
BLACK AND WHITE FILMS (1929–1935)
_
Mickey with Minnie Mouse inBuilding a Building_ (1933).
In Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. _The Barn Dance_ (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete.
_The Opry House_ (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. Supposedly one reason for adding the white gloves was to allow audiences to distinguish the characters' hands when they appeared against their bodies, as both were black.[_citation needed_] The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.
_When the Cat's Away_ (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the _Alice Comedy_, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[22] The next Mickey short was also unusual. _The Barnyard Battle_ (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. _The Karnival Kid_ (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. _Mickey's Follies_ (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" which would become the theme song for _Mickey Mouse_ films for the next several years. The "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[23][24] Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in _The Moose Hunt_ (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in _The Picnic_ (1930).
_The Cactus Kid_ (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction and/or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.
Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.[25] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for_Mickey's Orphans_ (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the _Three Little Pigs_ in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[26][27][28] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year.[29] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[30]
About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could make. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In _Orphan's Benefit_ (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the _Silly Symphonies_ series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons.
COLOR FILMS (1935–1953)
_
Mickey in The Band Concert_ (1935).
Mickey first appeared animated in color in _Parade of the Award Nominees_ in 1932, however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with _The Band Concert_. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the _William Tell Overture_, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, _The Band Concert_ was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.[31] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.
However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.[31] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including _Mickey's Fire Brigade_ (1935), _Moose Hunters_ (1937), _Clock Cleaners_ (1937),_Lonesome Ghosts_ (1937), _Boat Builders_ (1938), and _Mickey's Trailer_ (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938), an adaptation of _The Valiant Little Tailor_, which was nominated for an Academy Award.
Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in _The Pointer_ (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in _The Little Whirlwind_, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "_The Pointer_", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.
_
Mickey in Fantasia_ (1940).
In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, _Fantasia_. His screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in _Fantasia_. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.
After 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality.[32] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, _Lend a Paw_) and again from 1946 to 1952.
The last regular installment of the _Mickey Mouse_ film series came in 1953 with _The Simple Things_ in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.
Television and Later Films
In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with _The Mickey Mouse Club_. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as _Ink & Paint Club_, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with _Mickey's Christmas Carol_, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' _A Christmas Carol_ in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with _The Prince and the Pauper_.
Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had _exactly_ the same amount of screen time in the scene, right down to the frame.
Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on _Roger Rabbit_, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special _The Muppets at Walt Disney World_ where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004.
_
Mickey in Disney's House of Mouse_(2001–2003).
Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment, starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles.
His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013's _Get a Horse!_ which was preceded by 1995's _Runaway Brain_, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like_Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas_, _Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers_ and the computer-animated _Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas_.
Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows _Mickey Mouse Works_ (1999—2000), _Disney's House of Mouse_ (2001—2003) and Disney Channel's _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ (2006—2016). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the _Bonkers_ episode "You Oughta Be In Toons".
Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched byWalt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[33]
Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute _Mickey Mouse_ shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.[34]
Voice Actors
Walt Disney, the co-creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of The Walt Disney Company, was the original voice of Mickey.
A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey's voice anymore. It is also speculated that hiscigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years. After recording the _Mickey and the Beanstalk_ section of _Fun and Fancy Free_, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955—1959 run of _The Mickey Mouse Club_ TV series and the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of theDisneyland TV series aired on September 11, 1958. Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short _The Karnival Kid_. Clarence Nashvoiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short, _The Dognapper_; around the time when it was filmed, Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short.Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record _Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party_. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album _An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players_ in 1974, which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him.[35][36]
The 1983 short film _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ marked the theatrical debut of the late Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the voice of Mickey until his death in 2009.[37] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, 'Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.' And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy."[38] Allwine would eventually marry Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986. Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine" in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums _Yankee Doodle Mickey_ and _Mickey Mouse Splashdance_.[39][40] He also provided his voice for _The Talking Mickey Mouse_ toy in 1986.[41][42]
Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. His early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, Theme Parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[43] His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be found on _Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep_, a video game for PlayStation Portable. He has also voiced the character in the next games for the _Kingdom Hearts_series. Iwan also does the vocal effects of Mickey in the games _Epic Mickey_ and _Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two_ as well as the remake of _Castle of Illusion_. Despite Iwan being Mickey's primary voice actor, the character's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series,[44] as the producers were looking for a retro voice to match the vintage look of the series.[45]
Mickey in Comics
Main Article: Mickey Mouse and Friends (comic book)
_
Mickey and Horace Horsecollar from the Mickey Mouse_ daily strip; created byFloyd Gottfredson and published December 1932.
Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "_Plane Crazy_". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title _"Lost on a Desert Island_". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..."[46]
In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.
Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.
Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.[46] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as _Mickey Mouse in Death Valley_. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by _Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers_, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.
Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.
Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as _Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion_ (1936) and _The Gleam_ (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.
The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for _Walt Disney's Comics and Stories_ in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine _Topolino_ began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.
In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being _Topolino_ in Italy from 1932 on, _Le Journal de Mickey_ in France from 1934 on, _Don Miki_ in Spain and the Greek_Miky Maous_.
Mickey was the main character for the series _MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine_, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.
In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga _Wizards of Mickey_.
In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. Mickey Mouse became so popular in Egypt that he got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were a big hit, but unfortunately Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney, luckily the comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[47]
Merchandising
A 1933 IngersollMickey Mouse wrist watch.
Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (d. 1949) who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[48] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, _Time_ declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.[49] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.[49]
Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta[50] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay young at heart."[51]
In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled _Mickey Says_, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released _The Talking Mickey Mouse_.
Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey" (2010)[52] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[53]
In total, approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[49]
Mickey at the Disney Parks
Minnie and Mickey at Hong Kong Disneyland (left) and Mickey's house atMickey's Toontown (right)
As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me")[54] Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[14]
Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.[55]
Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always _Steamboat Willie_. Mickey plays a central role in _Fantasmic!_ (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces theMickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.
In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.
Mickey in Video Games
Main Article: List of Disney video games (Mickey Mouse Series)
Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including _Mickey Mousecapade_ on the Nintendo Entertainment System, _Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse_, _Mickey's Ultimate Challenge_, and _Disney's Magical Quest_ on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, _Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse_ on the Mega Drive/Genesis, _Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands!_ on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the _Disney's Magical Quest_ series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in _Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse_, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the _Kingdom Hearts_ series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. _Epic Mickey_, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.[3]
Awards and Honors
Mickey's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are _Mickey's Orphans_ (1931), _Building a Building_ (1933), _Brave Little Tailor_(1938), _The Pointer_ (1939), _Lend a Paw_ (1941), _Squatter's Rights_ (1946), _Mickey and the Seal_ (1948), _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ (1983), _Runaway Brain_ (1995), and _Get a Horse!_ (2013). Among these, _Lend a Paw_ was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity.
In 1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book _The 50 Greatest Cartoons_ which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were _The Band Concert_ (#3), _Steamboat Willie_ (#13), _Brave Little Tailor_ (#26), and _Clock Cleaners_ (#27).
On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.
Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their _King of Moomba_ (1977).[56]:17–22 Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[56]:19–20
Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.
Social Impact
Use in Politics
In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[57][58] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If [Mickey Mouse] doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[59] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.[60]
Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, most recently in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[61][62]
Pejorative Use of Mickey's Name
"Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[63] Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following.
* During World War II, the Motor Minesweepers used by the British Royal Naval Patrol Service were unofficially known as "Mickey Mouses."[_citation needed_]
* In _The Godfather Part II_, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
* In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom _Mork & Mindy_, Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was.
* In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a _Mickey Mouse organization_ and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.[64]
* In the 1993 Warner Bros. film _Demolition Man_, as Sylvester Stallone's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you _Mickey Mouse piece of shit!_"[65]
* In the 1996 Warner Bros. film _Space Jam_, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made "The Mighty Ducks" movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
* In the United States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[_citation needed_]
* In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) and/or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.[66]
* Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as _Mickey Mousing_ (also _mickey-mousing_ and _mickeymousing_).[67]
* Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[68]
* In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[69]
* In the British sitcom _Red Dwarf_, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!"
* The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[70] due to its slow uninteresting corners, and lack of challenging corners.
Parodies and Criticism
"Copying is not theft!" badge with a character resembling Mickey Mouse is a visual pun on Mickey as a symbol of the IP industry and its attitude towards copyright infringement.
Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-Americansatire, such as the infamous underground cartoon "_Mickey Mouse in Vietnam_". There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the Mad Magazine parody _"Mickey Rodent"_by Will Elder in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity.[71] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In _The Simpsons Movie_, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[72] On the Comedy Central series _South Park_, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic _Squeak the Mouse_ by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.
In an episode of "Full Frontal Nerdity," by Aaron Williams, Mickey is shown as desperately trying to unload Miramax.[73]
In _Bored of the Rings_, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.
Legal Issues
Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.
Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for _Steamboat Willie_.[74]
The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.[75]
_Walt Disney Productions V. Air Pirates_
In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called _Air Pirates Funnies_. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neilldepicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in ! As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney."[76] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in _Air Pirates Funnies_ looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years."[77][_better source needed_]
Censorship
In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited showing a Mickey Mouse film, _The Barnyard Battle_ (1929). The cartoon, pitting the mouse as a kepi-wearing World War I soldier against cat enemies in German helmets, was felt to negatively portray the Germans. It was claimed that the film would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[78]
The _Barnyard Battle_ incident did not reflect wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930. But after coming to power several years later, the later Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s Nazi German newspaper article read:
> "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!"[79][80][81]
Art Spiegelman used this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel _Maus_.
The 1935 Romanian authorities banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas after they feared that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre".[82] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature[83] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work.[84] Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.[85] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the US, fascism forced the Italian publishers to suddenly stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of _Tuffolino_, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government, the ban was removed.
Filmography
Main Article: List of Mickey Mouse films and appearances
Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort,[86] while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[33]
Selected Short Films
* _Steamboat Willie_ (1928)
* _Plane Crazy_ (1929)
* _The Karnival Kid_ (1929)
* _Mickey's Orphans_ (1931)
* _Building a Building_ (1933)
* _The Mad Doctor_ (1933)
* _The Band Concert_ (1935)
* _Thru the Mirror_ (1936)
* _Moving Day_ (1936)
* _Clock Cleaners_ (1937)
* _Lonesome Ghosts_ (1937)
* _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938)
* _The Pointer_ (1939)
* _The Nifty Nineties_ (1941)
* _Lend a Paw_ (1941)
* _Symphony Hour_ (1942)
* _Squatter's Rights_ (1946)
* _Mickey and the Seal_ (1948)
* _The Simple Things_ (1953)
* _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ (1983)
* _Runaway Brain_ (1995)
* _Get a Horse!_ (2013)
Full-Length Films
* _Hollywood Party_ (cameo, 1934)
* _Fantasia_ (1940)
* _Fun and Fancy Free_ (1947)
* _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_ (cameo, 1988)
* _A Goofy Movie_ (cameo, 1995)
* _Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas_ (1999)
* _Fantasia 2000_ (1999)
* _Mickey's House of Villains_ (2002)
* _Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers_ (2004)
* _Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas_ (2004)
Television Series
* _The Mickey Mouse Club_ (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994)
* _Mickey Mouse Works_ (1999–2000)
* _Disney's House of Mouse_ (2001–2003)
* _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ (2006–2016)
* _Mickey Mouse_ (2013–present)
* _Mickey and the Roadster Racers_ (2017)[87]
See Also
* _Animation portal
* Cartoon portal
* Disney portal
* United States portal
* The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air_, radio program aired in 1938
* Celebration Mickey, a 2-foot-tall (0.61 m), 100 lb (45 kg), 24-karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture
* _Mickey Mouse Adventures_, a short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist
* Mickey Mouse universe, the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters
* Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse
* Walt Disney (2015 PBS film)
*please note: collecting and selling comics has been my hobby for over 30 years. Due to the hours of my job i can usually only mail packages out on saturdays. I send out first class or priority mail which takes 2-10 days or more to arrive in the usa and air mail international which takes 5 - 30 days or more depending on where you live in the world. I do not "sell" postage or packaging and charge less than the actual cost of mailing. I package items securely and wrap well. Most pages come in an archival sleeve with acid free backing board at no extra charge. If you are dissatisfied with an item. Let me know and i will do my best to make it right.
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enjoy your hobby everyone and have fun collecting!
This is a _MICKEY MOUSE _SUNDAY PAGE BY WALT DISNEY. GREAT EARLY DISNEY ARTWORK! This was cut from the original newspaper Sunday Comics section of 1938. SIZE: TABLOID FULL SIZE: ~11 X 15 INCHES. PAPER: SOME LIGHT TANNING, A FEW HAVE SMALL ARCHIVAL REPAIRS ON THE BACKSIDE, OTHERWISE: EXCELLENT! PULLED FROM LOOSE SECTIONS! (PLEASE CHECK SCANS) Please include $5.00 TOTAL postage on any size order (USA) $20.00 International FLAT RATE. TO RECEIVE COMBINED POSTAGE AUTOMATICALLY, PLEASE DO NOT PAY ONE AT A TIME, PAY WHEN YOU FINISH SHOPPING OR ASK FOR COMBINED INVOICE BEFORE PAYING, I combine postage on multiple pages. Check out my other auctions for more great vintage Comic Strips and Paper Dolls. THANKS FOR LOOKING!
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I always upload tracking # and have proof of mailing. If usps loses your package, i will send a full refund.
Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse
_
First Appearance
Steamboat Willie_[1]
November 18, 1928
Created by
Walt Disney
Ub Iwerks
Voiced by
Walt Disney (1928–1947; 1955–1959)
Carl W. Stalling (1929)
Clarence Nash (1934)
Jimmy MacDonald (1948–1977)
Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[2]
Les Perkins (1986–1987)
Bret Iwan (2009–present)
Chris Diamantopoulos (2013–present)
(see voice actors)
Developed by
Floyd Gottfredson
Les Clark
Fred Moore
Information
Aliases
* Bob Cratchit
* King Mickey
* Mickey (_Wizards of Mickey_)
Species
Mouse
Gender
Male
Occupation
Detective (_MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine_)
Family
Mickey Mouse family
Significantother(s)
Minnie Mouse
Pet Dog
Pluto
MICKEY MOUSE is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.
Mickey first was seen in a single test screening (_Plane Crazy_). Mickey officially debuted in the short film _Steamboat Willie_ (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including _The Band Concert_ (1935), _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938), and _Fantasia_ (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, _Lend a Paw_, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic strip character. His self-titled newspaper strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books and in television series such as _The Mickey Mouse Club_ (1955–1996) and others. He also appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks.
Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman, usually seen as a flawed, but adventurous hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality, beginning with the video game _Epic Mickey_.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1Origin
* 2Design
* 3Animation history
* 3.1Debut (1928)
* 3.2Black and white films (1929–1935)
* 3.3Color films (1935–1953)
* 3.4Television and later films
* 4Voice actors
* 5Mickey in comics
* 6Merchandising
* 7Mickey at the Disney parks
* 8Mickey in video games
* 9Awards and honors
* 10Social impact
* 10.1Use in politics
* 10.2Pejorative use of Mickey's name
* 10.3Parodies and criticism
* 11Legal issues
* 11.1_Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates_
* 11.2Censorship
* 12Filmography
* 12.1Selected short films
* 12.2Full-length films
* 12.3Television series
* 13See also
* 14References
* 15External links
Origin
Concept art of Mickey from early 1928; the sketches are the earliest known drawings of the character, from the collection of The Walt Disney Family Museum.
> "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse."
> — Walt Disney, _Disneyland_; October 27, 1954
Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios.[4] In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company.
In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected. It would later show up in Iwerks' own _Flip the Frog_ series.[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.[5] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers, as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal.[10][11]
Design
Throughout the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.[12][13][14] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences. Mickey's circular design is most noticeable in his ears, which in traditional animation, always appear circular no matter which way Mickey faces. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. Even today, the rudimentary symbol is often used to represent Mickey (see Hidden Mickey). This later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective.
In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on."
Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining "Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions." In the film _The Opry House_ (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, and Mario.
Mickey's eyes, as drawn in _Plane Crazy_ and _The Gallopin' Gaucho_, were large and white with black outlines. In _Steamboat Willie,_ the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of _The Pointer_.[15] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in _The Simple Things_ (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances.
Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (_The Band Concert_, _The Mickey Mouse Club_), red overalls (_Clock Cleaners_, _Boat Builders_), a red cloak (_Fantasia_, _Fun and Fancy Free_), a red coat (_Squatter's Rights_, _Mickey's Christmas Carol_), or a red shirt (_Mickey Down Under_, _The Simple Things_).
Animation History
See Also: Mickey Mouse film series
DEBUT (1928)
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Mickey's first appearance inSteamboat Willie_ (1928).
Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the mainanimator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.[16]
Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short _Plane Crazy_, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, _The Gallopin' Gaucho_, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.[17]
_Steamboat Willie_ was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's _Steamboat Bill Jr._, first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. _Willie_ featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.[18][19]
The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForestsystem in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For _Willie_, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for _The Mickey Mouse Club_ television series on ABC.
Audiences at the time of _Steamboat Willie'_s release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, _The Jazz Singer_ starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both _Plane Crazy_ and _The Gallopin' Gaucho_ (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, _The Barn Dance_, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until _The Karnival Kid_ in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After _Steamboat Willie_ was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[20] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[21]
BLACK AND WHITE FILMS (1929–1935)
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Mickey with Minnie Mouse inBuilding a Building_ (1933).
In Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. _The Barn Dance_ (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete.
_The Opry House_ (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. Supposedly one reason for adding the white gloves was to allow audiences to distinguish the characters' hands when they appeared against their bodies, as both were black.[_citation needed_] The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.
_When the Cat's Away_ (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the _Alice Comedy_, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[22] The next Mickey short was also unusual. _The Barnyard Battle_ (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. _The Karnival Kid_ (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. _Mickey's Follies_ (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" which would become the theme song for _Mickey Mouse_ films for the next several years. The "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[23][24] Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in _The Moose Hunt_ (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in _The Picnic_ (1930).
_The Cactus Kid_ (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction and/or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.
Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.[25] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for_Mickey's Orphans_ (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the _Three Little Pigs_ in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[26][27][28] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year.[29] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[30]
About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could make. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In _Orphan's Benefit_ (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the _Silly Symphonies_ series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons.
COLOR FILMS (1935–1953)
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Mickey in The Band Concert_ (1935).
Mickey first appeared animated in color in _Parade of the Award Nominees_ in 1932, however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with _The Band Concert_. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the _William Tell Overture_, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, _The Band Concert_ was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.[31] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.
However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.[31] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including _Mickey's Fire Brigade_ (1935), _Moose Hunters_ (1937), _Clock Cleaners_ (1937),_Lonesome Ghosts_ (1937), _Boat Builders_ (1938), and _Mickey's Trailer_ (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938), an adaptation of _The Valiant Little Tailor_, which was nominated for an Academy Award.
Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in _The Pointer_ (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in _The Little Whirlwind_, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "_The Pointer_", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.
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Mickey in Fantasia_ (1940).
In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, _Fantasia_. His screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in _Fantasia_. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.
After 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality.[32] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, _Lend a Paw_) and again from 1946 to 1952.
The last regular installment of the _Mickey Mouse_ film series came in 1953 with _The Simple Things_ in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.
Television and Later Films
In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with _The Mickey Mouse Club_. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as _Ink & Paint Club_, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with _Mickey's Christmas Carol_, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' _A Christmas Carol_ in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with _The Prince and the Pauper_.
Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had _exactly_ the same amount of screen time in the scene, right down to the frame.
Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on _Roger Rabbit_, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special _The Muppets at Walt Disney World_ where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004.
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Mickey in Disney's House of Mouse_(2001–2003).
Mickey appeared on several animated logos for Walt Disney Home Entertainment, starting with the "Neon Mickey" logo and then to the "Sorcerer Mickey" logos used for regular and Classics release titles.
His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013's _Get a Horse!_ which was preceded by 1995's _Runaway Brain_, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like_Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas_, _Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers_ and the computer-animated _Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas_.
Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows _Mickey Mouse Works_ (1999—2000), _Disney's House of Mouse_ (2001—2003) and Disney Channel's _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ (2006—2016). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the _Bonkers_ episode "You Oughta Be In Toons".
Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched byWalt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[33]
Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute _Mickey Mouse_ shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.[34]
Voice Actors
Walt Disney, the co-creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of The Walt Disney Company, was the original voice of Mickey.
A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey's voice anymore. It is also speculated that hiscigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years. After recording the _Mickey and the Beanstalk_ section of _Fun and Fancy Free_, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955—1959 run of _The Mickey Mouse Club_ TV series and the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of theDisneyland TV series aired on September 11, 1958. Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short _The Karnival Kid_. Clarence Nashvoiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short, _The Dognapper_; around the time when it was filmed, Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short.Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record _Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party_. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album _An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players_ in 1974, which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him.[35][36]
The 1983 short film _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ marked the theatrical debut of the late Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the voice of Mickey until his death in 2009.[37] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, 'Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.' And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy."[38] Allwine would eventually marry Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986. Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine" in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums _Yankee Doodle Mickey_ and _Mickey Mouse Splashdance_.[39][40] He also provided his voice for _The Talking Mickey Mouse_ toy in 1986.[41][42]
Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. His early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, Theme Parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[43] His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be found on _Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep_, a video game for PlayStation Portable. He has also voiced the character in the next games for the _Kingdom Hearts_series. Iwan also does the vocal effects of Mickey in the games _Epic Mickey_ and _Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two_ as well as the remake of _Castle of Illusion_. Despite Iwan being Mickey's primary voice actor, the character's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series,[44] as the producers were looking for a retro voice to match the vintage look of the series.[45]
Mickey in Comics
Main Article: Mickey Mouse and Friends (comic book)
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Mickey and Horace Horsecollar from the Mickey Mouse_ daily strip; created byFloyd Gottfredson and published December 1932.
Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "_Plane Crazy_". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title _"Lost on a Desert Island_". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..."[46]
In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.
Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.
Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.[46] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as _Mickey Mouse in Death Valley_. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by _Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers_, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.
Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.
Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as _Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion_ (1936) and _The Gleam_ (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.
The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for _Walt Disney's Comics and Stories_ in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine _Topolino_ began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.
In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being _Topolino_ in Italy from 1932 on, _Le Journal de Mickey_ in France from 1934 on, _Don Miki_ in Spain and the Greek_Miky Maous_.
Mickey was the main character for the series _MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine_, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.
In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga _Wizards of Mickey_.
In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. Mickey Mouse became so popular in Egypt that he got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were a big hit, but unfortunately Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney, luckily the comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[47]
Merchandising
A 1933 IngersollMickey Mouse wrist watch.
Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (d. 1949) who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[48] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, _Time_ declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.[49] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.[49]
Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta[50] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay young at heart."[51]
In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled _Mickey Says_, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released _The Talking Mickey Mouse_.
Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey" (2010)[52] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[53]
In total, approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[49]
Mickey at the Disney Parks
Minnie and Mickey at Hong Kong Disneyland (left) and Mickey's house atMickey's Toontown (right)
As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me")[54] Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[14]
Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.[55]
Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always _Steamboat Willie_. Mickey plays a central role in _Fantasmic!_ (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces theMickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.
In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.
Mickey in Video Games
Main Article: List of Disney video games (Mickey Mouse Series)
Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including _Mickey Mousecapade_ on the Nintendo Entertainment System, _Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse_, _Mickey's Ultimate Challenge_, and _Disney's Magical Quest_ on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, _Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse_ on the Mega Drive/Genesis, _Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands!_ on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the _Disney's Magical Quest_ series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in _Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse_, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the _Kingdom Hearts_ series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. _Epic Mickey_, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.[3]
Awards and Honors
Mickey's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are _Mickey's Orphans_ (1931), _Building a Building_ (1933), _Brave Little Tailor_(1938), _The Pointer_ (1939), _Lend a Paw_ (1941), _Squatter's Rights_ (1946), _Mickey and the Seal_ (1948), _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ (1983), _Runaway Brain_ (1995), and _Get a Horse!_ (2013). Among these, _Lend a Paw_ was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity.
In 1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book _The 50 Greatest Cartoons_ which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were _The Band Concert_ (#3), _Steamboat Willie_ (#13), _Brave Little Tailor_ (#26), and _Clock Cleaners_ (#27).
On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.
Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their _King of Moomba_ (1977).[56]:17–22 Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[56]:19–20
Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.
Social Impact
Use in Politics
In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[57][58] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If [Mickey Mouse] doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[59] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.[60]
Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, most recently in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[61][62]
Pejorative Use of Mickey's Name
"Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[63] Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following.
* During World War II, the Motor Minesweepers used by the British Royal Naval Patrol Service were unofficially known as "Mickey Mouses."[_citation needed_]
* In _The Godfather Part II_, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
* In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom _Mork & Mindy_, Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was.
* In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a _Mickey Mouse organization_ and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.[64]
* In the 1993 Warner Bros. film _Demolition Man_, as Sylvester Stallone's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you _Mickey Mouse piece of shit!_"[65]
* In the 1996 Warner Bros. film _Space Jam_, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made "The Mighty Ducks" movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
* In the United States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[_citation needed_]
* In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) and/or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.[66]
* Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as _Mickey Mousing_ (also _mickey-mousing_ and _mickeymousing_).[67]
* Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[68]
* In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[69]
* In the British sitcom _Red Dwarf_, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!"
* The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[70] due to its slow uninteresting corners, and lack of challenging corners.
Parodies and Criticism
"Copying is not theft!" badge with a character resembling Mickey Mouse is a visual pun on Mickey as a symbol of the IP industry and its attitude towards copyright infringement.
Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-Americansatire, such as the infamous underground cartoon "_Mickey Mouse in Vietnam_". There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the Mad Magazine parody _"Mickey Rodent"_by Will Elder in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity.[71] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In _The Simpsons Movie_, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[72] On the Comedy Central series _South Park_, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic _Squeak the Mouse_ by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.
In an episode of "Full Frontal Nerdity," by Aaron Williams, Mickey is shown as desperately trying to unload Miramax.[73]
In _Bored of the Rings_, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.
Legal Issues
Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.
Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for _Steamboat Willie_.[74]
The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.[75]
_Walt Disney Productions V. Air Pirates_
In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called _Air Pirates Funnies_. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neilldepicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in ! As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney."[76] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in _Air Pirates Funnies_ looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years."[77][_better source needed_]
Censorship
In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited showing a Mickey Mouse film, _The Barnyard Battle_ (1929). The cartoon, pitting the mouse as a kepi-wearing World War I soldier against cat enemies in German helmets, was felt to negatively portray the Germans. It was claimed that the film would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[78]
The _Barnyard Battle_ incident did not reflect wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930. But after coming to power several years later, the later Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s Nazi German newspaper article read:
> "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!"[79][80][81]
Art Spiegelman used this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel _Maus_.
The 1935 Romanian authorities banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas after they feared that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre".[82] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature[83] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work.[84] Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.[85] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the US, fascism forced the Italian publishers to suddenly stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of _Tuffolino_, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government, the ban was removed.
Filmography
Main Article: List of Mickey Mouse films and appearances
Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort,[86] while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[33]
Selected Short Films
* _Steamboat Willie_ (1928)
* _Plane Crazy_ (1929)
* _The Karnival Kid_ (1929)
* _Mickey's Orphans_ (1931)
* _Building a Building_ (1933)
* _The Mad Doctor_ (1933)
* _The Band Concert_ (1935)
* _Thru the Mirror_ (1936)
* _Moving Day_ (1936)
* _Clock Cleaners_ (1937)
* _Lonesome Ghosts_ (1937)
* _Brave Little Tailor_ (1938)
* _The Pointer_ (1939)
* _The Nifty Nineties_ (1941)
* _Lend a Paw_ (1941)
* _Symphony Hour_ (1942)
* _Squatter's Rights_ (1946)
* _Mickey and the Seal_ (1948)
* _The Simple Things_ (1953)
* _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ (1983)
* _Runaway Brain_ (1995)
* _Get a Horse!_ (2013)
Full-Length Films
* _Hollywood Party_ (cameo, 1934)
* _Fantasia_ (1940)
* _Fun and Fancy Free_ (1947)
* _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_ (cameo, 1988)
* _A Goofy Movie_ (cameo, 1995)
* _Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas_ (1999)
* _Fantasia 2000_ (1999)
* _Mickey's House of Villains_ (2002)
* _Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers_ (2004)
* _Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas_ (2004)
Television Series
* _The Mickey Mouse Club_ (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994)
* _Mickey Mouse Works_ (1999–2000)
* _Disney's House of Mouse_ (2001–2003)
* _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ (2006–2016)
* _Mickey Mouse_ (2013–present)
* _Mickey and the Roadster Racers_ (2017)[87]
See Also
* _Animation portal
* Cartoon portal
* Disney portal
* United States portal
* The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air_, radio program aired in 1938
* Celebration Mickey, a 2-foot-tall (0.61 m), 100 lb (45 kg), 24-karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture
* _Mickey Mouse Adventures_, a short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist
* Mickey Mouse universe, the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters
* Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse
* Walt Disney (2015 PBS film)
*please note: collecting and selling comics has been my hobby for over 30 years. Due to the hours of my job i can usually only mail packages out on saturdays. I send out first class or priority mail which takes 2-10 days or more to arrive in the usa and air mail international which takes 5 - 30 days or more depending on where you live in the world. I do not "sell" postage or packaging and charge less than the actual cost of mailing. I package items securely and wrap well. Most pages come in an archival sleeve with acid free backing board at no extra charge. If you are dissatisfied with an item. Let me know and i will do my best to make it right.
Many thanks to all of my 1,000's of past customers around the world.
enjoy your hobby everyone and have fun collecting!
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